Circulatory System -Heart
Q. Identify and give functions for each of the following: Left and Right Atria, Left and Right Ventricles, Coronary Arteries and Veins, Anterior and Posterior Vena Cava, Aorta, Pulmonary Arteries and Veins, Pulmonary Trunk, Atrioventricular Valves, Chordae Tendinae, Semi Lunar Valves, Septum.
A. The right atrium is the first chamber and sends blood to the right ventricle. The left atrium is the third chamber and sends blood to the left ventricle. The right ventricle is the second chamber and sends blood to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries. The left ventricle is the fourth chamber and sends blood to the body through the aorta. The Coronary arteries supply the heart with blood while the Coronary veins take that blood away. The Anterior Vena Cava takes blood to the heart from the head, the Posterior Vena Cava takes blood from the legs to heart. The aorta receives blood and sends it to the rest of the body. The Pulmonary arteries take blood from the heart to the lungs, the Pulmonary veins take blood from the lungs to the heart. The Pulmonary Trunk is the place just before the artery splits into two and heads for the lungs. The Atrioventricular Valves keep the blood from flowing from the ventricles and back into the atria. The Chordae Tendinae are strings that keep the AV Valves shut. The Semi Lunar Valves keep blood from flowing from the Pulmonary artery and aorta and into the ventricles. The Septum separates the left and right sides of the heart.
Q. Describe the locations and functions of the SA node, AV node, and Purkinje fibres.
A. The SA and AV nodes are located in the right atrium. The Purkinje fibres are in the muscle around the ventricles. The SA nodes cause the atria to contract and pump blood into the ventricles. The AV node sends a signal to the Purkinje fibres which cause the ventricles to contract and pump blood into the pulmonary artery/ aorta.
Q. Describe the autonomic regulation of the heartbeat by the nervous system.
A. When blood pressure is low, the autonomic nervous system causes the heart to beat faster and constricts blood vessels. When the pressure is high, it causes the heart to beat slower and relaxes blood vessels.
Q. Relate factors that affect and regulate blood pressure to hypertension and hypotension.
A. Hypertension is high blood pressure that is caused by: hardening of arteries, diet, obesity, and hormone malfunction. Hypotension is low blood pressure caused by weak pumping of the heart.
Q. Demonstrate the measurement of blood pressure.
A. A blood pressure of 115/75 is normal. The 115 is the systole measurement and range from 110 to 150. The 75 is the diastolic measurement and will be 90 or less.
Q. Distinguish between systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
A. Systolic is when the heart is pumping. Diastolic is when the heart, specifically the ventricles, is relaxing.
Circulatory System - Circulation and Blood
Q. Describe and differentiate among the five types of blood vessels.
A. Arteries have thick walls with three layers. They carry blood from the heart to the arterioles. Arterioles also have thick walls with three layers, but they are smaller than arteries. They carry blood from the arteries to the capillaries. Capillaries are tiny and have thin, one-cell thick walls. They carry blood to cells throughout the body and exchange gases, and nutrients. Venules have thin walls with three layers. They carry blood from capillaries to Veins. Veins also have thin walls with three layers, but they are larger than venules.
Q. Identify and give functions for each of the following: Subclavian Arteries and Veins, Jugular Veins, Carotid Arteries, Anterior and Posterior Vena Cava, Pulmonary Veins and Arteries, Hepatic Vein, Hepatic Portal Vein, Renal Arteries and Renal Veins, Iliac Arteries and Veins, Coronary Arteries and Veins, Aorta.
A. The Subclavian Arteries carry blood to the arms, Subclavian Veins take blood away from arms. Jugular Veins take blood from the head to the Anterior Vena Cava. Carotid Arteries carry blood from the Aorta to the head. The Anterior Vena Cava takes blood from the upper body and takes it to the heart. The Posterior Vena Cava takes blood from the lower body and takes it to the heart. Pulmonary Veins carry deoxgenated blood from the heart to the lungs to oxygenize it. Pulmonary Veins take oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. The Hepatic Vein takes blood from the liver to the Posterior Vena Cava. The Hepatic Portal Vein takes blood from the intestines to the liver to be detoxified. The Renal Arteries carry blood from the Aorta to the kidneys. The Renal Veins takes blood from the kidneys to the Posterior Vena Cava. The Iliac Arteries carry blood to the trunk and legs. The Iliac Veins take blood from the trunk and legs to the Posterior Vena Cava. The Coronary Veins supply blood to the heart since the blood in the heart's chambers do not give it oxygen or nutrients. The Coronary Arteries take blood away from the heart and to the Posterior Vena Cava. The Aorta is a large artery that takes blood from the heart and to the rest of the body.
Q. Distinguish between pulmonary and systemic circulation.
A. Pulmonary circulation is the process of deoxygenated blood going through the right atrium and ventricle, through the pulmonary artery, into the lungs, into the pulmonary veins and back to the heart. Systemic circulation is the process of oxygenated blood going through the left atrium and ventricle, throughout the body, and back to the heart.
Q. Identify and describe differences in structure and circulation between fetal and adult systems.
A. In fetal circulation, the body gets its oxygen from from the placenta instead of the lungs. Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are mixed in the fetal heart. The fetal circulation system has four structures the adult one does not have: the Oval opening, the Arterial duct, the Umbilical arteries and veins, and the Venous duct. The Oval opening is an opening between the left and right atria. It redirects blood from the pulmonary system to the systemic system. The Arterial duct connects the pulmonary artery to the Aorta. The Umbilical arteries take blood ans waste away from the heart and toward the placenta. The veins take oxygen rich blood from the placenta and to the heart. The Venous duct connects the Vena Cava and the Umbilical vein.
Q. Demonstrate a knowledge of the path of blood from the aorta through the body and back to the left ventricle.
A. The blood enters the aorta and then travels down through the descending aorta. It then enters the renal artery and goes through the kidneys, which take water and waste out of the blood. Then the blood leaves the kidneys and enters the renal vein. After that it goes to the Posterior Vena Cava and into the right atrium. The blood is pumped into the right ventricle and into the pulmonary artery. From the pulmonary artery it goes to the lungs to be oxygenated. Then it heads into the left atrium through the pulmonary vein. From the left atrium it is pumped into the left ventricle and back to the aorta.
Q. List the major components of plasma.
A. Water, Albumin, Globulin, Fibrinogen, Salt, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, , Proteins, Lipids, Glucose, Amino Acids, Nitrogenous Wastes, Other Hormone Vitamins.
Q. Describe the shape, function, and origin of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
A. Red blood cells are small, biconcave disks with no nuclei that transport oxygen and nutrients to cells throughout the body. They are made in red bone marrow. White are bigger and have a nucleus. They kill foreign pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. They are made in bone marrow. Platelets are small fragments of bone marrow cells that are largely involved in blood clotting. They come from bone marrow.
Respiratory System
Q. Explain the roles of cilia and mucus in the respiratory tract.
A. Cilia and mucus trap foreign microorganisms and debris.
Q. Compare and contrast the mechanics of the processes of inhalation and exhalation.
A. In inhalation, intercostal muscles contract, causing the diaphragm to contract as well. This increases the size of the thoracic cavity and since the lungs are attached to it, they also increase in volume. The air pressue in the lungs lowers and air from outside moves in to fill the lungs. During exhalation, the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm relax, returning to its original shape. This decreases the size of the thoracic cavity. This compresses the lungs, pushing most of the air out.
Q. Describe the interaction of the lungs, pleural membranes, ribs, and diaphragm in the breathing process.
A. The diaphragm contracts and the thoracic cavity increases in volume. The lungs are connected to the thoracic cavity by the pleural membranes so they increase in volume too. The ribs protect the lungs so when they expand, so do the ribs.
Q. Explain the roles of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions in stimulating the breathing center in the medulla oblongata.
A. Higher concentrations of O2 cause the medulla oblongata to start the process of inhalation. Higher concentrations of CO2 cause the medulla oblongata to start the process of exhalation.
